Вот ответы о подробностях конструкции кавитатора:
> What is the ratio of diameters of the cavitator and rocket?
The cavitator should be the same size as a normal cone (i.e. it's OD should be
the same as the rocket).
> Angle of the cone?
You want the water flow to be as close to laminar as possible. A tangent ogive
is best for this. If you cannot make an ogive a straight cone works, but not as
efficiently. Generally speaking I use a cone that gives a 2:1 or 3:1
length:width ratio (i.e. a 2:1 cone would be 2cm long for every 1cm of base
diameter).
> Number and diameter of the horizontal slots?
Depends on the size of the cone. Generally speaking you want the slots to take
up ~2/3 the diameter of the cavitator. The slots are rectangular in shape and
should be located at the base of the cone, where it joins the outer wall. You
want the slots to be fairly narrow (I generally use slots 8%-10% of the cone
length). I've never tried using a larger number of small cylindrical "slots" -
this may work better.
> Their form: just cylindrical orifice or conical?
Ideally you want these slots to assist expansion. As such an ideal slot would
have a cross section in which it widens from the inside out. However, this is
usually impractical as most materials aren't strong enough to support this. I
usually just grind down the edges on both sides so that the flow doesn't hit any
"sharp" edges.
> How do you test and tune it?
Trial and error. Basically we've designed a standard test rocket that carries
some basic instrumentation that records acceleration. Its designed to allow
easy swapping of cones. We just make a series of cones where one variable is
changed, and launch them through the water (usually horizontally). We then plot
the acceleration of the rocket, which can tell you how well the cone is
functioning. Once you have an effective design it's fairly easy to scale. The
graph for a cavitating cone looks something like this:
|
|
| ________________
| ___/ Peak velocity
V| _/
e| /
l| / <- cavitation chamber formation
o| _/
c| _/
i| ___/ <- approx velocity of non-cavitating
t| _____/ rocket
y| /
| / <- initial acceleration
|/____________________________________________________
Time
The most important factor in designing a cavitating cone is the compression
ration of the cone. This is described as:
(area available to water flow at the top)/(area available to water flow at the
bottom). The "top" is the opening of the cavitator, the "bottom" is the area
located at the top of the slots. Assuming that the top of the cone is level
with the top of the tube the top" number is equal to the area of a circle with
the same diameter as the inner diameter of the outer tube. Assuming your outer
tube has the same diameter throughout the bottom value will be to top value
minus the area of a circle equal with a diameter equal to the diameter of the
cone at the "bottom" of the compression region. This ratio is vital, as it is
directly related to the increase in water velocity that will occur in the cone.
I've found that you need a ratio of at least 12 to get cavitation chamber
formation, and that the best cavitators run at about 20.
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