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Parental Status–Specific Response to Infant Crying
and Laughing
To compare differential brain activation by infant vocalizations in parents and nonparents, we first applied the same effect-coding scheme that we used to discern the sex
differences ([crying minus control] plus [laughing minus
control]); however, this comparison did not yield any brain
areas that were different in parents compared with nonparents. Thus, we examined whether this was related to
differential parental responses to different types of infant
vocalization. To calculate the group contrast between
parents and nonparents, we used a stimulus contrast,
which allowed us to detect differential brain responses to
infant crying and laughing in the two groups. Using this
alternative effect-coding scheme (crying minus laughing),
we found differential brain responses specifically in the
right amygdala, the middle cingulate cortex (right more
than left), the insulae (bilateral), the left ventral prefrontal
cortex, and the left temporoparietal junction (Figure 3A).
In the right amygdala (Figure 3B) and the other areas
shown in Figure 3A, the BOLD signal time course in the
parents was characterized by a greater response to infant
crying than laughing, whereas in the nonparents, the
response was greater to infant laughing than crying. This
group (parents vs. nonparents) stimulus (crying vs.
laughing) interaction is illustrated in Figure 3C. Because
of susceptibility-induced signal loss and geometric distortions typically associated with T2*-weighted echoplanar
images of subcortical structures (Merboldt et al 2001), the
exact localization of response in the amygdala is generally
difficult to determine; however, the focus of BOLD
response is quite lateral and somewhat dorsal relative to
the center of the amygdala. As shown in Table 1, the same
parental status–dependent pattern of response was confirmed in the subgroups of subjects, that is, in the
comparison between the 10 mothers and the 10 childless
women, and between the 10 fathers and the 10 childless
men; however, the significance level in the middle cingulate, the ventral prefrontal cortex, and the temporoparietal
junction did not survive correction for multiple comparisons when we considered only these subgroups of 10
subjects each.